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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>A colleague sent me an article on LiS battery which led to this mini-report I put together and you might find of interest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Battery Update<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Dec 23 2019<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>A recent article “E-plane maker bets LiS battery technology could double the range of electric-powered flight“ ( <a href="https://www.powerelectronictips.com/e-plane-maker-bets-lis-battery-technology-could-double-the-range-of-electric-powered-flight/">https://www.powerelectronictips.com/e-plane-maker-bets-lis-battery-technology-could-double-the-range-of-electric-powered-flight/</a>) focuses on George Bye’s relationship with Oxis Energy who is developing LiS batteries. They are claiming the potential of >500wh/kg batteries. They show the LiS upside on a graph:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=357 height=225 style='width:3.7222in;height:2.3402in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D5BA27.5CC9AF30"><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>It is valuable to compare the cell numbers with delivered numbers. To do so, I use a metric “packaging factor” that is the percent of the <u>cell</u> energy density (aka specific energy) that can be delivered by a <u>cell pack</u>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>For example, on the JabirWatt (my electric testbed airplane) I used relatively inexpensive, but very safe <span style='color:black'>CALB CA 72FI:72Ah LiFePo4 cells, 16x cells </span>(bought from Kirk)<span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Each battery:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>3.2 volt Nominal (3.6 v max,2.5 v min)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>72 Ah<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>230 wh<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cell length: 1.1875 in<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cell width: 5.375 in<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cell height: 9.625 in<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Weight 1.9kg<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Energy density (cell) 121 wh/kg<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul><p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Battery pack<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>16 batteries in series: 3.7 kwh<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>51.2 volts<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Batteries 68 lbs. (31kg), entire system with wires and EDFs 110 lb. (50 kg)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Can draw 330 amps for 10 sec (Kirk) so the rating is 330n2 = 4.6C (some batteries can do up to 50C)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>A 1C discharge rate says I can draw 72 amps for one hour. Discharge is sometimes referenced as "E" rather than "C"<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cost - batteries alone $2400, all together with labor about $5000<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Pack Energy density (3700/50kg) = 74 wh/kg<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class=MsoBodyText style='color:black;margin-left:.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Packaging factor (74/121) = 61%<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>This value can also be calculated for Tesla cars. For the Model 3 battery (extended range) <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2019/01/28/tesla-model-3-battery-pack-cell-teardown-highlights-performance-improvements/">https://cleantechnica.com/2019/01/28/tesla-model-3-battery-pack-cell-teardown-highlights-performance-improvements/</a> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>2170 batteries (Dia 21mm, length 70mm)<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>4 volts peer battery<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>4416 batteries in total<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>80 kwh<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>1.050 lb (447.3 kg)<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'>168 wh/kg delivered. (<b>raw density 247 wh/kg</b>)<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9'><b>Packaging factor 68% <o:p></o:p></b></li></ul><p class=MsoListParagraph><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The battery on the earlier Model S (18650) (18x65mm) also had a raw density of <b>240wh/kg</b> but a packaged factor of 127 wh/kg for a <b>factor of 53%<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Conclusion is that packaging factors will be in the 65% - 70% range for now.</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>George Bye and Oxis Energy -The 350 wh/kg LiS battery of today (based on at 70% packaging factor) will have a pack energy density of 245wh/kg and if they get to a cell of 500wh/kg then a pack value of 350 wh/kg.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>David G. Ullman<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Design<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>ASME Life Fellow<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><a href="http://www.davidullman.com">www.davidullman.com</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><a href="mailto:ullman@davidullman.com">ullman@davidullman.com</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>541-760-2338<o:p></o:p></p></div></body></html>